A COMPLETE ANALYSIS OF THE VARIOUS TECHNIQUES USED IN CHARGING BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES

The electrification of the automotive industry is the cornerstone of the worldwide pursuit for sustainability, but it cannot exist in isolation without efficient charging infrastructure that underpins this transformation. This literature and comparative survey has introduced and compared the wide spectrum of BEV charging technology in all its operational strengths and system weaknesses. Conductive AC and DC charging are established technologies that forms the core of EV charging. They are energy efficient and rapid when it comes to replenishing EV batteries but often at the expense of grid instability and user effort. The alternative, wireless power transfer systems, especially magnetic resonance inductive charging, is an automatic and efficient technology. It has the potential to redefine user experience with EVs, but currently faces issues such as air-gap power losses and the high cost of installation. As the ownership of EVs grows at a faster rate than expected, the concept of solely pushing out higher kilowatt should shift towards harmonizing with the existing electrical grid. As this survey have demonstrated, EV charging is no longer solely about 'higher kilowatt', rather it is about 'smarter integration'. Decentralized smart charging protocols, V2G systems, renewable integrated microgrids must be implemented so as to handle the huge burden on the grid from electric fleets, and the successful deployment of a mix-and-match but well-coordinated charging infrastructure system will eventually enable the realization of universal electric mobility.

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