A Comprehensive Review of Autonomous Pesticide Spraying Robots for Precision Agriculture

To address the increasing challenges of labour shortage, pesticide application and the health hazards that farmers expose themselves to upon embracing the manual spraying methods, automation in agriculture is very necessary. The solution to these issues is a low-cost and environmentally friendly solution to the problem, which is the development of a robot car that will spray agricultural pesticides using Bluetooth. This paper focuses on the design, implementation, and operation of a robotic spraying machine which is very successful in regulating pesticide spraying by using wireless communication and embedded technology. In order to accurately constitute spraying activities, the system utilizes a 12V DC water pump, DC motors, and servo motors, an Arduino UNO microprocessor, and Bluetooth connectivity via an HC-05 module. Through an Android application, farmers are able to remotely manage the direction, movement and spray mechanism of the robot. This enhances accuracy in spraying, maximization of pesticides and minimization of direct contact with harmful chemicals. The study shows how these low-cost robotic inventions change small to mid-scale farming practices by comparing the literature evaluation and the evaluation by a practical implementation.