A Comprehensive Review of Low-Cost FOC Implementation

As the global transition towards green energy and sustainability mobility accelerates, the demand of the high performance cost effective and high efficiency EV traction control system demand is high. The Field oriented control widely used and which provides smoother performance and higher efficiency makes them ideal for the EVs, implementing FOC in low cost vehicles, makes challenge as the FOC requires high precision sensors. This paper provides a review of the EV traction, various motor types (PMSM, BLDC, IM), and the electronic switching topologies used in controllers. Finally, it also identifies research gaps in position estimation and current reconstruction, proposing a software-based framework for future development.on the low cost stm32 platform.