A Comprehensive Review on the Durability Performance of Geopolymer Concrete

Geopolymer concrete (GPC) has emerged as a sustainable alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete due to its lower carbon footprint, reduced energy consumption, and utilization of industrial by-products. It is synthesized through the alkaline activation of aluminosilicate materials such as fly ash, metakaolin, and ground granulated blast furnace slag, resulting in a three-dimensional polymeric network. In recent years, research interest has increasingly focused on the durability performance of geopolymer concrete under aggressive environmental conditions. This review paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of the durability characteristics of geopolymer concrete, including resistance to elevated temperatures, chemical attack, chloride ion penetration, abrasion, and long-term strength development. The influence of alkaline activators, curing regimes, precursor materials, and the incorporation of mineral admixtures and fibers on durability is critically discussed. The review highlights that geopolymer concrete exhibits superior resistance to acid and sulfate attack, low chloride permeability, and improved thermal stability compared to OPC concrete. Based on current findings, geopolymer concrete is identified as a promising and durable construction material suitable for sustainable infrastructure development.