A review of studies on the origins, formation, risks, and mitigation strategies of accumulated metals on roadways

This paper examines the accumulation of metals on road surfaces, which primarily originate from vehicle emissions, tire and brake wear, infrastructure corrosion, industrial waste and domestic waste. Metals pose significant risks to vehicle safety, public health, and the environment by contaminating soil and water. Their accumulation is influenced by factors like weather, traffic, and urban activities. Mitigation strategies include regular road cleaning, magnetic sweeping, high-pressure washing, durable road materials, and effective drainage. Regulatory measures, public awareness, and advanced technologies like sensor-based monitoring and autonomous cleaning robots are essential for minimizing their impact.