A Review on Trivalent Rare Earth Doped Phosphors and their Applications in Displays

Rare–earth doped phosphors are excellent luminescent materials that are designed to overcome the limitations of conventional sulfide-based phosphors. The increasing research attention on these phosphors over the past decade has led to a drastic improvement in their phosphorescence efficiencies and resulted in a wide variety of phosphorescence colors, which can facilitate applications in various areas. This review article discusses the development of rare–earth doped phosphors with a focus on the various synthesis methods, luminescence mechanisms, activator and co-activator effects, and the effects of compositions. The role of Rare–earth doped phosphors and co-activators in phosphorescence emissions was also emphasized. Finally, we address recent techniques involving nanomaterial engineering that has also produced rare-earth doped phosphors with high luminescence intensity.