A Systematic and Conceptual Review of the Impact of Remote Work on Employee Productivity and Well-Being

Remote and hybrid work arrangements have rapidly expanded since 2020, prompting intense academic and practitioner interest in their effects on employee productivity and well-being. This paper synthesizes empirical findings, identifies mechanisms that drive positive and negative outcomes, proposes a conceptual model linking organizational practices to employee outcomes, and provides recommendations for managers and policymakers. The review shows mixed but generally positive effects on productivity where remote work is supported by appropriate technologies, managerial practices, and role characteristics; well-being outcomes vary much more and depend on work-life boundaries, social connection, ergonomic conditions, and workload management. Practical implications and gaps for future research are highlighted.