Advancements in the Diagnosis of Bacterial Infections in Modern Era – A Comprehensive Review

Bacterial infection represents a persistent global health threat, and there is a need for precise and fast diagnostic tools to enhance patient outcomes and fight antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Conventional methods like culture-based identification and biochemical testing are although reliable, but they tend to be time-consuming and insensitive—particularly in patients on antibiotics. In recent years, new diagnostic technologies have been developed, such as rapid DNA sequencing, immuno-biomarkers, mass spectrometry, CRISPR/Cas-based biosensors, biosensing platforms, and artificial intelligence (AI)-based systems. This review systematically assesses these technological innovations, their strengths and limitations, their clinical applications, and their potential future.