Agricultural Crop Protection Against Natural Weather Changes and Animal Detection Using STM32 And AI

The growing demand for sustainable agricultural production has accelerated the adoption of intelligent technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Edge Artificial Intelligence (Edge-AI), and wireless sensor networks. These technologies enable real-time monitoring, data-driven decision-making, and automation in precision farming. This paper presents a comprehensive review of IoT- and Edge-AI-based agricultural systems published between 2020 and 2025, highlighting key methodologies, hardware components, and intelligent frameworks applied in modern agriculture. The study consolidates advances in irrigation control, animal detection, crop protection, and environmental monitoring. By integrating low-cost sensors, embedded microcontrollers, and renewable energy systems, these solutions demonstrate high efficiency and reliability. Furthermore, this work identifies the challenges of scalability, interoperability, and data standardization while outlining potential future improvements to achieve fully autonomous smart farming systems.