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Stream/Area:
-
Subject:
-
Paper ID:
IJSREM63660
Volume:
10 |
5 |
May 2026
Pages:
1-8
Publication Frequency:
Monthly (12 issues per year)
License:International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management follows the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) License, allowing free use and distribution with proper attribution.

Information Technology
Vidya Pratishthan’s Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute of Engineering and Technology

Information Technology
Vidya Pratishthan’s Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute of Engineering and Technology

Information Technology
Vidya Pratishthan’s Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute of Engineering and Technology

Information Technology
Vidya Pratishthan’s Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute of Engineering and Technology
Information Technology
Vidya Pratishthan’s Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute of Engineering and Technology
Large Language Models have become indispensable for modern AI systems, but their effectiveness in practice is limited by the complex rules for stateless integration. This phe- nomenon results in a so-called “disconnected models problem”: An AI agent controlled by an LLM is unable to keep continuity over more than one action or task. Most of the state-of-the-art systems demonstrate this flaw by utilising custom integration logic, typically called “glue code”. While such a solution can be effective in a small scale, it does not scale well and is subject to security vulnerabilities and maintenance challenges. To address these challenges, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) has been proposed as a standardised interface for con- necting AI models to external tools and data. The MCP follows a session-oriented architecture using JSON-RPC to enable more consistent and stateful interactions between systems In this survey, we examine the architecture of MCP, focusing on its host–client–server model and its main primitives, namely tools, resources, and prompts. We also present “TripSync,” a practical case study that shows how an MCP-based travel planner can coordinate multiple travel-related microservices within a single system. In addition, we compare MCP with other emerging agent communication protocols, including Agent Communication Pro- tocol (ACP), Agent-to-Agent (A2A), and Agent Network Protocol (ANP) . Based on recent studies of more than 8,000 MCP servers, we discuss the current state of the ecosystem and highlight important security concerns such as tool poisoning and credential exposure. Finally, we outline the potential role of MCP in building modular, secure, and context-aware AI systems in the future.
KEYWORDS
Migrating Large Language Models to Deal with Context Using a standardised protocol-oriented architecture, rather than traditional software methods, to build and combine AI appli- cations is an important advance. “TripSync”, a trip-planning web application, is used as an example of the use of the Model Context Protocol (MCP) to build modular, flexible, AI-based applications with good context handling. MCP is a client–server framework that provides a standard interface for connecting an LLM to other tools. The multiplexing of contexts onto inputs to the LLM enables multiple applications to use the same LLM with multiple data sources. At the same time, the introduction of this protocol must be accompanied by a concern about security and ecosystem problems. Although MCP solves many of the interoperability problems, it also creates new security, governance, and long- term maintenance challenges. Research has revealed quality- of-code challenges and vulnerabilities, such as tool poisoning across multiple MCP servers. By responding to these challenges with enhanced secu- rity measures, centralised registries, and community-dictated norms, developers can shape the next wave of AI systems that are more than just powerful; they’re also safe and dependable.
[1] X. Hou, Y. Zhao, S. Wang, and H. Wang, ”Model Context Protocol (MCP): Landscape, Security Threats, and Future Research Directions,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.23278v2 [cs.CR], 2025. [2] A. Ehtesham, A. Singh, S. Kumar, and G. K. Gupta, ”A Survey of Agent Interoperability Protocols: Model Context Protocol (MCP), Agent Communication Protocol (ACP), Agent-to-Agent Protocol (A2A), and Agent Network Protocol (ANP),” arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.02279v1, 2025. [3] N. Krishnan, ”Advancing Multi-Agent Systems Through Model Con- text Protocol: Architecture, Implementation, and Applications,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.21030v1, 2025. [4] M. M. Hasan et al., ”Model Context Protocol (MCP) at First Glance: Studying the Security and Maintainability of MCP Servers,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.13538v4, 2025. [5] H. Guo et al., ”A Measurement Study of Model Context Protocol Ecosystem,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.25292v2, 2025. [6] P. P. Ray, ”A Survey on Model Context Protocol: Architecture, State- of-the-art, Challenges and Future Directions,” TechRxiv, Apr. 2025. [7] P. Pajo, ”Smithery.ai: A Model Context Protocol for Enhanced Large Language Model Integration and Cross-Industry Applications,” Re- searchGate, Mar. 2025. [8] V. S. Narajala and I. Habler, ”Enterprise-Grade Security for the Model Context Protocol (MCP): Frameworks and Mitigation Strategies,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.08623v2, 2025. [9] Q. Li and Y. Xie, ”From Glue-Code to Protocols: A Critical Analysis of A2A and MCP Integration for Scalable Agent Systems,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.03864v1, 2025. [10] H. Li, Y. Xu, and T. Hong, ”EnergyPlus-MCP: A model-context-protocol server for ai-driven building energy modeling,” SoftwareX, vol. 32, p. 102367, 2025.
Publication Date
5/21/2026
Peer Review Type
Double-Blind Peer Review
Review Rounds: 2
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