Autofocusing in Ophthalmic Imaging for Enhancing the Clarity in Fundus Diagnostics with Robotic Arm System

This paper describes the design and implementation of a robotic arm system using an ESP32 Dev Module and Arduino UNO for efficient control and coordination. The robotic arm is actuated using SG90 servo motors, providing precise angular positioning. A 16-channel PWM servo driver is employed to control multiple servos simultaneously, ensuring smooth and stable motion. The ESP32 utilizes GPIO 32 and GPIO 33 for communication with the servo driver, while the Arduino UNO assists in motor control and peripheral interfacing. The proposed system offers a low-cost, flexible, and scalable solution suitable for automation, educational, and human–machine interaction applications.