Battery-Based HESS with Ultracapacitor Assistance for Electric Vehicles Considering Ageing Batteries

The suggested Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) greatly extends the life of electric car batteries by enabling the ultracapacitor to manage abrupt surges in power demand caused by acceleration and changes in dynamic load. The Energy Management Strategy, based on Model Predictive Control (MPC), is able to efficiently optimize the distribution of energy between the ultracapacitor and lithium-ion battery in various driving conditions.  We analyze the aging of batteries in this study under both constant and variable C-rate operation, both in battery-only and battery-with-ultracapacitor operation. Since the current flow through the battery changes continuously depending on the load conditions, it is seen that the results indicate that the value of the C-rate is misleadingly assumed constant during the entire driving cycle, which is why the calculation of battery degradation is incorrect. To get accurate capacity fade estimate, the actual battery current profile is continuously recorded during driving cycle to compute C-rate values in real-time. The results demonstrate that the HESS arrangement slows down battery ageing. This is because the ultracapacitor absorbs the transients of electrical current and peak power from the battery, thereby lowering the electrical and thermal stress on the battery. Furthermore, the current changing C-rate provides more accurate and realistic results compared to the usual C-rate assumption for battery aging. Intelligent power sharing with MPC improves electric vehicle energy storage systems' long-term performance and reliability, decreases battery deterioration, boosts voltage stability, and improves energy consumption efficiency, according to the research.

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