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Stream/Area:
-
Subject:
-
Paper ID:
IJSREM67108
Volume:
10 |
9 |
Sep 2026
Pages:
1-17
Publication Frequency:
Monthly (12 issues per year)
License:International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management follows the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) License, allowing free use and distribution with proper attribution.
Computer Science and Engineering
Compucom Institute of Technology and Management, Jaipur
Assistant Professor Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering
Compucom Institute of Technology and Management, Jaipur
Professor Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering
Compucom Institute of Technology and Management, Jaipur
Food fraud, opaque provenance records, and fragmented paper-based documentation continue to undermine trust, safety, and efficiency across global agricultural supply chains. This paper synthesises and extends the findings of a secondary-research dissertation that investigated the application of blockchain technology for supply chain traceability and transparency in the agriculture industry. Building on a structured literature review of more than sixty peer-reviewed and industry sources, the paper (i) consolidates the key benefits, adoption barriers, and consequences reported for blockchain-enabled agri-supply chains; (ii) presents a three-layer system architecture and an Ethereum-based smart contract (AgriSupplyChain.sol) that operationalises product registration, ownership transfer, and status-tracking across the farmer-distributor-retailer-consumer lifecycle; and (iii) reports a reproducible, code-level verification study of the proposed contract's access-control logic, expressed as Precision, Recall, and F1-score across three randomised test batches (labelled F1, F2, and F3). The verification study simulated 1,700 transaction requests across the three batches, injecting an escalating proportion of adversarial or malformed requests (20%, 35%, and 50% respectively) to test whether the contract's require()-based guard conditions correctly separate legitimate state transitions from unauthorised ones. All three batches returned a Precision, Recall, and F1-score of 1.00, confirming that the deterministic access-control logic enforces the intended farmer-to-distributor-to-retailer-to-consumer ownership and stage-transition rules without a single misclassification, even under heavy adversarial load. The paper further consolidates the dissertation's qualitative findings into six evidence-based findings (F1-F6), a synthesis table of thirty-plus reviewed studies, and a severity ranking of the six most cited adoption barriers: technological complexity, scalability, data standardisation and interoperability, privacy and trust, security vulnerabilities, and energy consumption.
KEYWORDS
This paper set out to evaluate, analyse, and empirically test the application of blockchain technology for supply-chain traceability and transparency in the agriculture industry. Drawing on a structured review of more than sixty literature and industry sources, it consolidated six evidence-based findings (F1-F6) confirming that blockchain's immutable, event-driven ledger design measurably improves traceability, enables faster and more targeted product recalls, and is associated with rising consumer trust and rapid market growth (a projected 48.1% CAGR between 2021 and 2028). The paper proposed a three-layer system architecture and an Ethereum smart contract (AgriSupplyChain.sol) operationalising farmer-to-distributor-to-retailer-to-consumer traceability, and — extending beyond the source dissertation's narrative analysis — conducted an original, reproducible verification experiment demonstrating that the contract's access-control logic achieves perfect Precision, Recall, and F1-score (1.00) across three test batches (F1, F2, F3) totalling 1,700 simulated transactions under adversarial rates of 20-50%. At the same time, the evidence is clear that technological complexity, scalability, standardisation, privacy, security, and energy consumption remain real and unresolved barriers to widespread adoption, particularly among smallholder farmers with limited digital infrastructure and technical support. Blockchain is best understood not as a stand-alone solution but as a trust-infrastructure layer that must be paired with reliable off-chain data capture — IoT sensors, certification bodies, and, increasingly, AI-based anomaly detection — to deliver its full traceability and transparency potential. Future work should extend the verification methodology introduced in Section 7 to a live testnet deployment with gas-cost and throughput benchmarking, incorporate oracle-based sensor-data verification, and conduct primary field research with farmer cooperatives to complement the secondary-research evidence base synthesised in this paper.
[1] Ahmed, W.A. and MacCarthy, B.L. (2021) 'Blockchain-enabled supply chain traceability in the textile and apparel supply chain: a case study of the fibre producer, Lenzing', Sustainability, 13(19), p.10496. [2] Alabi, M.O. and Ngwenyama, O. (2023) 'Food security and disruptions of the global food supply chains during COVID-19: building smarter food supply chains for post COVID-19 era', British Food Journal, 125(1), pp.167-185. [3] Alazab, M., Alhyari, S., Awajan, A. and Abdallah, A.B. (2021) 'Blockchain technology in supply chain management: an empirical study of the factors affecting user adoption/acceptance', Cluster Computing, 24, pp.83-101. [4] AlShamsi, M., Al-Emran, M. and Shaalan, K. (2022) 'A systematic review on blockchain adoption', Applied Sciences, 12(9), p.4245. [5] Bhatia, M.S., Chaudhuri, A., Keiki, Y. and Treblier, H. (2023) 'Implementation of blockchain-enabled supply chain finance solutions in the agricultural commodity supply chain: a transaction cost economics perspective', Production Planning & Control, pp.1-15. [6] Bischoff, O. and Seuring, S. (2021) 'Opportunities and limitations of public blockchain-based supply chain traceability', Modern Supply Chain Research and Applications, 3(3), pp.226-243. [7] Borges, C.E., Kapassa, E., Touloupou, M., Legarda Macon, J. and Casado-Mansilla, D. (2022) 'Blockchain application in P2P energy markets: Social and legal aspects', Connection Science, 34(1), pp.1066-1088. [8] Capece, G., Levialdi Ghiron, N. and Pasquale, F. (2020) 'Blockchain technology: Redefining trust for digital certificates', Sustainability, 12(21), p.8952. [9] Centobelli, P., Cerchione, R., Del Vecchio, P., Oropallo, E. and Secundo, G. (2022) 'Blockchain technology for bridging trust, traceability and transparency in circular supply chain', Information & Management, 59(7), p.103508. [10] Chandan, A., John, M. and Potdar, V. (2023) 'Achieving UN SDGs in food supply chain using blockchain technology', Sustainability, 15(3), p.2109.
Publication Date
9/5/2026
Peer Review Type
Double-Blind Peer Review
Review Rounds: 2
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