Blockchain for Transparency and Traceability in Agri-food supply chain

Transparency and traceability remain major challenges in conventional agri-food supply chains due to fragmented information flow, manual record keeping, centralized data storage, and limited stakeholder accountability, leading to risks such as food adulteration, data tampering, delayed recalls, and reduced consumer trust. This paper proposes a blockchain-based transparency and traceability framework that securely records supply-chain events on a decentralized and immutable ledger, covering production, inspection, processing, transportation, and distribution stages. Smart contracts automate data validation and enforce business rules, while QR code–based product identification enables stakeholders and consumers to access complete product provenance in real time. Experimental evaluation indicates that the proposed system improves data integrity, tamper resistance, and traceability accuracy compared to traditional centralized approaches, demonstrating its suitability for practical deployment in modern agri-food supply chains.