Cryogenic Treatment of Ti 6Al 4V Alloys: A Review on Wettability, Biocompatibility, and Corrosion Resistance for Bioimplant Applications

Cryogenic treatment has arisen as a promising post-processing method to improve the functional performance of Ti‑6Al‑4V alloys, commonly used in biomedical implants. This review brings together recent developments from 2020–2025 regarding how cryogenic treatment affects surface wettability, biological compatibility, and resistance to corrosion. Special attention is given to the fundamental processes, such as microstructural changes, stabilization of oxide films, and modifications at the nanoscale on surfaces. The combined enhancements in wettability, biocompatibility, and corrosion resistance underscore cryogenic treatment as an economical and scalable approach for achieving long-term implant success. Future insights regarding hybrid therapies, the integration of additive manufacturing, and AI-enabled process enhancement are also examined, highlighting the significance of cryogenic engineering in the development of next-generation bioimplants.