Design and Development of 24 GHz Crown Patch Antennas for ISM Band

The design and development of a compact crown patch antenna and its MIMO configuration for the 24 GHz ISM band has been successfully accomplished, meeting the primary objectives of the project. The final single-element antenna achieved a reflection coefficient consistently below -15 dB, with a gain exceeding 4.5 dB, validating strong impedance matching and efficient transmission. The use of Rogers RT/duroid 5880 as the substrate contributed to low-loss performance suited to millimeter-wave applications. In the MIMO configuration, mutual coupling between elements was effectively suppressed through a Defected Ground Structure, ensuring that each element operates with minimal interference and supporting high data throughput and channel capacity. Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) values for both configurations remained well within FCC and ICNIRP safety limits, confirming suitability for portable and wearable high-frequency communication. Overall, the design successfully integrates the benefits of MIMO technology to optimize spatial diversity and data throughput, indicating that the proposed antennas are well suited for high-frequency communication systems, particularly for 5G and next-generation wireless technologies. Future work will focus on extending the array to a four-element MIMO configuration, evaluating performance under bending and on-body conditions for wearable use cases, and validating the fabricated prototypes through over-the-air measurements against the presented simulation results.

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