Design of an Indian Urban Noise Adaptive Acoustic Vehicle Alerting System Using ESP32-S3 and PC-Based Speed Simulation

An Indian urban noise adaptive AVAS is feasible as a college prototype using an ESP32-S3, an I2S microphone, a digital audio amplifier, and a PC-based speed simulator. The proposed design performs real-time spectral analysis and bounded profile selection locally on the embedded controller, while USB serial provides a simple and repeatable substitute for vehicle CAN data during development. The architecture supports measurable experiments in latency, stability, spectral response, and relative detectability without overstating regulatory readiness. Its main engineering value is the disciplined combination of embedded DSP, controlled adaptation, and traceable test instrumentation.

[1] United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, “UN Regulation No. 138: Quiet Road Transport Vehicles,” WP.29 Vehicle Regulations, Rev. 1 and subsequent amendments. Available: https://unece.org/transport/vehicle-regulations-wp29/standards/addenda-1958-agreement-regulations-121-140 [2] National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, “TP-141-01 Minimum Sound Requirements for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles,” U.S. Department of Transportation, 2020. Available: https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.gov/files/documents/tp-141-01_minimum_sound_requirements_for_hybrid_and_electric_vehicles.pdf [3] T. S. Berge and F. Haukland, “Adaptive acoustic vehicle alerting sound, AVAS, for electric vehicles: Results from field testing,” SINTEF Digital, Report 2019:00062, 2019. [4] E. Sabic, D. Henning, and J. MacDonald, “Adaptive Auditory Alerts for Smart In-Vehicle Interfaces,” Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, vol. 63, no. 1, 2019, doi: 10.1177/1071181319631404. [5] Espressif Systems, “Inter-IC Sound (I2S) - ESP32-S3,” ESP-IDF Programming Guide. Available: https://docs.espressif.com/projects/esp-idf/en/v5.0.2/esp32s3/api-reference/peripherals/i2s.html [6] Espressif Systems, “ESP-DSP Library and Examples,” documentation. Available: https://docs.espressif.com/projects/esp-dsp/en/latest/esp32/index.html [7] Analog Devices, “MAX98357A PCM Input Class D Audio Power Amplifier,” product documentation. Available: https://www.analog.com/en/products/max98357a.html