Developing a Battery Management System for Electric Vehicles to Rectify Battery Charging, Discharging and Fire Protection Issues

This paper presented the development of a microcontroller-based Battery Management System for electric vehicles with integrated battery monitoring, charging/discharging protection, thermal monitoring, and accident-related safety functions. The proposed prototype uses an Arduino Nano as the central controller and integrates voltage, current, temperature, and acceleration sensing with an LCD, buzzer, and relay. The implemented system continuously monitors battery operating conditions and provides real-time information to the user. When abnormal conditions are detected, the protection mechanism can disconnect the power supply and generate an alert. The accident-detection functionality further enhances the safety capability by identifying abnormal acceleration or tilt and initiating a protective response. The reported prototype outputs demonstrate the practical operation of the monitoring and alert functions. The project demonstrates that integrating battery monitoring and protection functions into an embedded BMS can improve the safety, reliability, and operational management of EV battery systems. Future improvements involving AI-based prediction, advanced thermal management, solid-state batteries, and wireless BMS technology can further enhance the performance and safety of the proposed system.

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