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Stream/Area:
-
Subject:
-
Paper ID:
IJSREM66760
Volume:
10 |
8 |
Aug 2026
Pages:
1-9
Publication Frequency:
Monthly (12 issues per year)
License:International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management follows the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) License, allowing free use and distribution with proper attribution.
Civil Engineering
Swaminarayan Siddhanta Institute of Technology, Nagpur
Civil Engineering
Swaminarayan Siddhanta Institute of Technology, Nagpur
Civil Engineering
Swaminarayan Siddhanta Institute of Technology, Nagpur
Rapid urbanization and increasing freshwater scarcity have intensified the need for sustainable on-site wastewater management, especially for greywater originating from bathrooms, kitchens, and laundries in residential buildings. Centralized treatment systems often face limitations such as high capital costs, extensive piping networks, land constraints, and operational complexities, making them impractical for retrofitting in dense urban areas. This paper presents the design, development, and performance evaluation of an Internet of Things (IoT)-based decentralized greywater treatment system tailored for individual urban residential buildings. The proposed system integrates a compact physical treatment train comprising a coarse screen filter, a sedimentation tank, a sand and activated carbon filtration unit, and an ultraviolet (UV) disinfection chamber. To overcome the limitations of manual monitoring and delayed maintenance, the system incorporates IoT-enabled real-time sensing and automation. Key water quality parameters including pH, turbidity, temperature, and flow rate are continuously measured using calibrated low-cost sensors interfaced with an ESP32 microcontroller. The acquired data is transmitted wirelessly via Wi-Fi to a cloud-based platform (ThingSpeak) for remote visualization, trend analysis, and automated alert generation. An intelligent bypass valve mechanism is implemented: if treated water quality fails to meet prescribed non-potable reuse standards (e.g., turbidity > 5 NTU or pH outside 6.5–8.5), the system automatically diverts the water back to the inlet for retreatment, ensuring only compliant water is directed to end-use applications such as toilet flushing, garden irrigation, and floor washing. Preliminary laboratory-scale and field trials conducted over a four-week period demonstrated that the system achieves average turbidity removal exceeding 92%, chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction between 75% and 85%, and complete elimination of total coliforms following UV disinfection. The IoT-enabled automation reduced manual intervention by approximately 80% and provided actionable predictive maintenance alerts based on filter pressure drop and UV lamp degradation. The decentralized nature of the system eliminates the need for extensive sewer modifications, reduces freshwater consumption by 35–45% per household, and offers a payback period of approximately 2–3 years through water savings. This work contributes a scalable, low-footprint, and cost-effective solution for urban water resilience, aligning with circular economy and smart city frameworks.
KEYWORDS
l The comprehensive assessment of the Bhandewadi integrated municipal solid waste facility in Nagpur reveals that partial source segregation (currently ~40–50%) significantly limits the efficiency of downstream processing units and overall environmental performance. The household survey across 400 households from four ward types showed an average segregation efficiency of 64.9%, with high‑income wards achieving 79% while low‑income wards managed only 51.6%. This disparity highlights the need for targeted awareness and infrastructure support. l Gate analysis of incoming waste (72 samples over six months) indicated that the organic fraction dominates the waste stream (55.4% annual average), followed by recyclables (21.9%), inert (15.6%), sanitary waste (5.0%), and others (2.3%). However, contamination levels remain high: the organic fraction contains 12.4% plastics (dry season) and 8.7% (wet season), well above the acceptable limit of 5%. Similarly, the dry fraction carries 18.6–22.4% organic matter, exceeding the 10% threshold. These contaminations directly reduce the quality of compost and biogas. l Performance evaluation of processing units showed that the biomethanation plant operates at 73.5% efficiency (biogas yield 1,250 m³/day against theoretical 1,700 m³/day), with a reject fraction of 21.2%. The material recovery facility recovers only 57.8% of dry waste as recyclables, and the composting unit produces compost that meets FCO quality standards only 68% of the time. Seasonal variations in moisture content (summer 42.5%, monsoon 68.2%, winter 48.6%) further disrupt processing stability.
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Publication Date
8/14/2026
Peer Review Type
Double-Blind Peer Review
Review Rounds: 2
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