Diabetic Retinopathy Prediction Using Machine Learning

Traditional classification algorithms struggle to cat- egorize hypertensive retinopathy (HR) lesions correctly because they lack obvious characteristics. A regional IoT-enabled fed- erated learning-based HR categorization approach (IoT-FHR) incorporating global and local attributes is suggested as a solution to this issue. The local feature arterial and venous nicking (AVN) classification model is fused with the overall IoT-FHR classifica- tion model to enhance the effect of the classification of IoT-FHR. The AVN classification model’s local lesion characteristics and the IoT-FHR classification model’s global lesion characteristics were combined using feature mean. After that, the results of the global IoT-FHR classification model are averaged with the results of the local AVN classification model. An easy neural network receives its input from the final outcome. The probability value of IoT-FHR in the fundus image is output by the sigmoid classifier after the neural network’s two fully connected and one dropout layer. The AVN classification makes a new kind of intersection detection algorithm suggestion. To determine the intersection points, the algorithm applies a logical AND operation to the classified arteries and veins. It takes HR fundus pictures and extracts AVN image blocks using the region of interest extraction approach. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the suggested fusion model are 93.50%, 69.83%, and 98.33%, respectively, when tested on a private dataset. It is clear from