Digital Integration and Performance Optimization of Plumbing Systems within MEP Frameworks: A Comprehensive Review of BIM, VDC, Lean, and Sustainable Design Approaches

Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing (MEP) systems collectively define the functional core of any modern building. Within this triad, plumbing systems play a crucial role in ensuring sustainable water management, sanitation, and occupant comfort. Yet, despite technological advancements such as Building Information Modelling (BIM), Virtual Design and Construction (VDC), and Lean Construction, plumbing design and coordination continue to face recurring challenges including rework, spatial conflicts, and inadequate compliance with standards. This review paper synthesizes existing research and case studies most notably, and multiple empirical analyses on plumbing systems in India, China, and Saudi Arabia to provide a comprehensive understanding of digital integration and performance optimization in plumbing systems. The review bridges technological and practical dimensions, covering BIM/VDC-based coordination, prefabrication, Lean process alignment, and sustainability- oriented plumbing design. By integrating both digital frameworks and field-level challenges, it develops a unified roadmap for efficient and resilient plumbing design in the next generation of MEP systems.