Energy-Efficient Sustainable Multi-hop Routing Protocol

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) demand routing strategies that are both energy-efficient and scalable in order to extend network lifetime under stringent power limitations. This work introduces EESMRP (Energy-Efficient Sustainable Multi-hop Routing Protocol), an improved cluster-based routing scheme that combines residual energy awareness, distance-oriented cluster head selection, and multi- hop inter-cluster communication. The proposed protocol is designed to balance energy usage, minimize the overhead of long-distance transmissions, and enhance overall network stability. In EESMRP, cluster heads are chosen through a weighted decision metric that accounts for node residual energy and proximity to the base station, while multi-hop forwarding between cluster heads reduces energy exhaustion in far-located nodes. Simulation outcomes reveal that the proposed approach delivers notable gains in network lifetime, throughput, and stability period when compared with conventional clustering methods. These results confirm that EESMRP is a reliable and scalable solution for energy- constrained WSN applications.