Energy Management in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) represent a significant advancement in automobile technology, combining internal combustion engines (ICEs) with electric motors to improve performance while reducing environmental impact. This study provides a complete review of HEVs, including their historical history, numerous varieties, and the advantages they offer over conventional cars. It emphasizes the importance of energy management techniques in improving fuel economy and lowering emissions, looking at various methodologies such as rule-based, optimization-based, and machine learning tactics. Furthermore, the study analyses the issues of energy management, how energy flows inside HEVs, and future developments, such as smart grid integration and improvements in autonomous driving technology. Finally, it highlights the present state of energy management in HEVs and proposes prospective areas for future study and development in this field.