Evolving Biotechnology in Textile Processing

Biotechnology has become a transformative force in the textile industry, fostering sustainability, innovation, and enhanced functionality throughout the value chain. This review examines the critical role of biotechnology in revolutionizing fiber production, textile processing, dyeing, wastewater treatment, and advanced applications by leveraging biological systems, organisms, and their derivatives. Key advancements include the development of genetically modified fibers like Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton and bioengineered colored cotton, enzymatic processes that replace harmful chemicals, and microbial pigments that offer sustainable alternatives to synthetic dyes. The discussion extends to textile waste valorization, transforming waste into valuable products such as bioethanol and bioplastics, and innovations in wastewater treatment through microbial fuel cells and membrane bioreactors. Additionally, integrating smart and wearable textiles featuring biosensors and adaptive biopolymers highlights the potential of biotechnology to redefine both the functionality and sustainability of textile products. Biotechnology emerges as a cornerstone for the textile industry’s sustainable future by tackling environmental challenges and supporting a circular economy.