FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATION

The review paper presents an overview of non-microcontroller-based automatic tap systems, emphasising designs that operate without the use of Arduino or other programmable devices. The objective is to analyse the working principle. Circuit configuration and performance of a system that relies on fundamental electronic components such as infrared (IR) sensors, photodiodes, a transistor photodiode, a transistor, an operational amplifier, and a relay to achieve automatic water control. By eliminating the need for a microcontroller, these systems offer advantages in terms of cost, simplicity and maintenance while maintaining effective touchless operation to enhance hygiene and reduce water wastage. The paper further reviews various approaches and materials used in sensor design, power management and valve control mechanisms. Comparative analysis with a microcontroller-based system highlights the trade-off between flexibility and circuit efficiency. This review concludes that non-Arduino is an automatic and reliable alternative for public and domestic water management applications.