Generative AI in Education, Opportunities, Challenges and Impact on Learning

Generative Artificial Intelligence (Gen-AI) is becoming an important technology in education. The reviewed studies show that Gen-AI can support personalized and adaptive learning by providing explanations, examples, learning materials, and other resources according to students’ different needs [1], [3], [4]. It can also assist teachers in preparing learning materials and lessons while providing students with additional academic support. When used with proper guidance, Gen-AI can support both teaching and learning. However, the use of Gen-AI also creates challenges such as overdependence on technology, reduced independent learning, inaccurate or misleading information, privacy concerns, and unequal access [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]. Students should therefore verify AI-generated information and continue developing their own reasoning and problem-solving skills. Teachers and educational institutions also have an important role in providing guidance and supervision. Overall, Gen-AI should support teachers and students rather than replace them. Its effective use requires human supervision, responsible practices, appropriate guidelines, and protection of student data. The existing literature is still limited by the number of long-term empirical studies. Further research is needed to understand the long-term effects of Gen-AI on learning outcomes, critical thinking, and independent learning. The educational value of Gen-AI will ultimately depend on how responsibly it is integrated into a human-centred learning environment.

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