Groundwater Quality Assessment Using active Monitoring and GIS Technologies: A Case Study of Zirabad Reservoir Area, Madhya Pradesh, India

In the current study active monitoring techniques and GIS were used to analyzed the groundwater physio-chemical properties in the Zirabad reservoir area have been visualized in Arc GIS environment. The 3D representation of groundwater parameters like pH,TDS, EC,Chloride, calcium etc were mapped using interpolation methods to find out the special alterations of  all the groundwater variables in the Zirabad reservoir study area. It is analyzed that Dugwells and Borewells were varied with depth in different localities of the Zirabad reservoir study area.   These  different variables shows variations in their concentration in  groundwater, shown which observed in maps are given below; The 3D map of pH shows the spatial distribution of its variation across the Zirabad reservoir watershed which illustrated different hydro-geochemical variations associated with the depth of dugwell. The lower pH values 7.0-7.5 found in the southern and southwestern parts indicates shallow depth  dugwells  which are effected by surface recharge while, in the central and eastern parts the higher values pH zones have highest enriched values which instance the attenuated water-rock interactions as well as deepest effects of aquifer in the study area. However, the range 7.0-8.5 demonstrate the overall alkaline conditions in the watershed area.   The TDS 3D map demonstrates varied qualities in the groundwater across all over  the watershed area. In the Zirabad reservoir study area, TDS values ranging from 130-990mg/l, classified it into seven zones. The values ranging between 130-417mg/l has light shaded which indicate good quality of the groundwater, while Central and southeastern areas shows elevated TDS, which reflecting intense rock-water interaction i.e. contamination of the watershed area.   The thematic Chloride concentration variability map illustrates variation of its concentration across the watershed area. On the based of raster-interpolation techniques the Cl- is classified into multiple ranges from 20.3-441 mg/l, characterized among low(green) to high(pink). In the central,southern, northwestern parts Chloride has low concentration values which is 20.3-114mg/l, suggest minimum human-induced effects with natural rechargeable circumstances.   The value above 302mg/l considered as high concentration showing the noticeable hot-spots in central and northwestern regions, the peak level 396-441mg/l indicating the contamination from agriculture, domestic lithological characteristics.   The spatial separation map of Calcium(Ca2+) exemplify the variability of groundwater hardness across the watershed. The concentration values are ranging from 13-171mg/l, classified into seven zones with a colour gradients from low(green) to high(pink). In the western and southern regions the value range between 13-48.3mg/l, signifying defeated dominated  recharge areas with limited mineral partition. The embellishment is distributed unequally with elevated areas which is coincidence for discharge region ans water-rock interaction zones. The presence of highly concentrated values includes potential assistance of limestone, dolomite with filtering procedure. 

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