Hybrid Multi-Criteria Selection of Sustainable Materials for Two-Lift Concrete Pavement Construction

1.      The investigation successfully developed and optimized RCC, GPC, UHPFRC and ECC mixtures for use in a sustainable two-lift rigid pavement system. 2.      RCC and GPC provided suitable bottom-lift materials for structural support, while UHPFRC and ECC enhanced the surface layer through high strength, crack resistance and/or ductility. 3.      The Two-Lift Concrete configurations achieved strong composite action without increasing the overall pavement thickness. 4.      At 28 days, the explicitly reported R+U and G+U compressive strengths were 69.67 MPa and 78.12 MPa, respectively. 5.      UHPFRC-top systems produced the highest reported mechanical and fatigue performance among the composite configurations. 6.      ECC-top systems provided greater deformation capacity and ductile post-cracking behaviour, complementing the high-strength behaviour of UHPFRC. 7.      Pull-off and bi-surface shear tests indicated strong interlayer bonding; most specimens failed within the bottom lift rather than along the interface. 8.      SEM observations showed development of a dense Overlay Transition Zone and increased C–S–H formation at 28 days, explaining the improved composite performance with curing. 9.      Weibull analysis confirmed the strong influence of stress level on fatigue life and demonstrated the benefit of fibre-reinforced top layers under cyclic loading. 10.   The combined mechanical, interfacial, microstructural and fatigue evidence supports TLCP as a technically feasible and potentially sustainable alternative for modern rigid pavement construction.

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