In Vitro Percent Aggregation Inhibition Potential of Selected Medicinal Plants

Kidney stone formation depends on urinary volume, concentrations of calcium, phosphate, oxalate, sodium cystine and uric acid ions, concentrations of natural calculi inhibitors and urine pH (Menon and Resnick 2002). Kidney stones occur in gout, hypercalciuria, hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular acidosis and certain inherited metabolic condition like cystinuria and hyperoxaluria (Gilhotra et al., 2013). Stone formation is one of the painful urologic disorders which occur in approximately 12% of the global population and its re-occurrence rate in males is 70%-81% and 47%-60% in female (Soundararajan et al., 2006). It is reported that the level of contribution by different risk factors to stones formation varies among different populations. Many patients reportedly had more than one risk factor (Mute V.S., 2012). Herbal medicines are in vogue (Isaacs, 2010). Herbalists narrated that the patients having kidney stones generally experience sudden acute pain. Acute pain is due to the blocking in the urinary tract; the symptom starts with incessant vomiting (Stamatelou et al., 2003; Schoenstadt, 2008). The incidence of urinary stones has been increasing over the last years, while the age of onset is decreasing (Moe, 2006). The medical administration of urolithiasis includes the surgical removal of stones. Among the treatments exercised are Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy and drug treatment and surgical procedures such as ureteronoscopy (URS) or percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and the combination of these techniques (Gurocak and Kupeli, 2006). The high cost, compelling data now a days suggest that the exposure to shock waves in therapeutic doses may cause decrease in renal function. Management of stone disease depends on the size of calculi, severity of symptoms, degree of obstruction, kidney function, location of the stones and the presence or absence of associated infection influence the choice of one type of intervention over the other. Currently this serious problem can be treated with increased fluid intake, medications like thiazides, allopurinol (Atmani, 2003) and potassium citrate (Tracy and Pearle, 2009) for reducing urinary saturation of stone forming calcium salts, diuretics for facilitating urine flow. In spite of substantial improvement in the pathophysiology and treatment of urolithiasis, there is no satisfactory drug offered for use in clinical therapy. Indian medicine recommends numerous medicinal plants and exploits large number of plant drugs as ancient times to treat urinary stones. Ayurveda offers vast scope for the successful treatment of urolithiasis (Satish et al., 2009). Herbal remedy may help to prevent, dissolve and expel kidney stones naturally. The Ayurvedic literature claims countless plants to be useful in urinary stones; even many plants need to be exploited for their pharmacological actions (Prasad, 2007).As a results, the search for antilithiatic drugs from natural sources has assumed superior importance.