Influence of Lubricants on the Surface Quality of Incrementally Formed Parts: A Review

Lubrication is one of the most critical factors influencing the surface quality and overall performance of Incremental Sheet Forming (ISF). The reviewed literature consistently demonstrates that effective lubrication reduces friction, minimizes adhesion and galling, decreases tool wear, and improves the surface finish of incrementally formed parts. Consequently, appropriate lubricant selection is essential for achieving better product quality and enhanced process reliability. Conventional industrial lubricants, including mineral oils, gear oils, hydraulic oils, and cutting oils, continue to provide excellent tribological performance because of their high load-carrying capacity, thermal stability, and effective extreme-pressure characteristics. However, increasing environmental concerns and stricter sustainability requirements have accelerated research on biodegradable and renewable alternatives. The literature indicates that vegetable-based lubricants, such as coconut oil, mustard oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, palm oil, and castor oil, possess excellent boundary lubrication characteristics due to their high fatty acid content. Their superior lubricity, biodegradability, low toxicity, and renewable nature make them promising substitutes for conventional petroleum-based lubricants in Incremental Sheet Forming. Despite significant advancements in lubrication research, studies focusing on Robot-Assisted Incremental Sheet Forming (RAIF) remain limited. Most existing investigations have been conducted using CNC-based Single Point Incremental Sheet Forming (SPIF), highlighting the need for systematic research on lubrication strategies specifically for robotic forming systems.   Future research should focus on developing environmentally sustainable lubrication strategies, evaluating advanced bio-based and nano-enhanced lubricants, and optimizing the combined effects of lubricant type and process parameters. Such investigations will contribute to improved surface quality, enhanced process efficiency, and the wider adoption of sustainable manufacturing practices in Incremental Sheet Forming.

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