Influence of Window Orientation on Thermal Comfort in Hot-Dry Regions of India

In regions characterized by hot-dry climates, the design of buildings, particularly the orientation of windows, plays a significant role in achieving thermal comfort. Window orientation is a critical design element that influences solar heat gain, natural light, and air circulation. In India’s hot-dry areas, improper window orientation can result in excessive heat absorption, glare, and prolonged discomfort indoors, leading to an increased dependence on mechanical cooling. This research evaluates the impact of window orientation on thermal comfort through qualitative and analytical methodologies. It investigates climatic conditions, the solar trajectory, and traditional architectural practices to establish the correlation between window orientation and indoor thermal efficacy. Traditional Indian architecture, particularly havelis, demonstrates that minimizing east- and west-facing windows while maximizing north- and south-facing openings can greatly mitigate heat problems and enhance comfort. The findings suggest that thoughtfully designing windows based on their orientation is a viable passive strategy for improving thermal comfort and reducing energy consumption in India’s hot-dry climates.