Innovative Use of Industrial By-Products and Sustainable Aggregates in Concrete: A Comprehensive Review

This review explores the use of industrial by-products, such as metallurgical slags, and sustainable aggregates, including M-sand and coconut shells, in concrete production. Metallurgical slags, particularly iron blast-furnace slag, exhibit hydraulic properties, making them suitable for alkali-activated binders, while nickel and copper slags are pozzolanic and require lime activation. M-sand, a manufactured alternative to river sand, enhances the mechanical and durability properties of concrete but increases water demand due to its angular and rough texture. Coconut shell aggregates demonstrate comparable performance to normal-weight concrete, with significant improvements in bonding strength and durability when properly managed for water absorption. The review highlights the potential for these materials to reduce environmental impact and promote sustainability in the construction industry, particularly in the production of lightweight, cost-effective, and durable concrete.