Internet of Things (IoT) in Smart Agriculture: Transforming Traditional Farming through Intelligent, Sustainable, and Data-Driven Technologies

IoT provides an important technological pathway for trans-forming conventional agriculture into a more intelligent, con-nected, and data-driven system. By linking sensors, communica-tion networks, edge/cloud computing, analytics, and actuators, IoT can enable continuous monitoring and timely intervention across irrigation, crop management, greenhouse operations, livestock, and farm machinery. The literature reviewed in this study indicates that the strongest value arises when sensing is integrated with decision support and closed-loop control rather than used only for visualization. The proposed layered framework provides a practical way to organize these capabilities while accommodating different farm sizes and connectivity conditions. At the same time, successful adoption depends on affordability, reliability, interoperability, cybersecurity, data governance, and farmer skills. IoT should therefore be implemented as part of a broader socio-technical agricultural strategy. Future field validation should quantify its effects on yield, water productivity, input use, labor, energy, and farm economics. With context-aware design and responsible integration with AI, cloud/edge computing, remote sensing, and automation, IoT-enabled smart agriculture can contribute to more resilient, efficient, and sustainable food-production systems.  

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