Migration of Labourers in Bihar: A Geographical Study

Migration of labour has long shaped the socio-economic landscape of Bihar. Despite its abundant human resources, the state continues to witness large-scale out-migration due to ecological stress, lack of industrial development, and limited livelihood opportunities. This paper explores the geographical dimensions of labour migration in Bihar, tracing historical roots, identifying present-day patterns, and assessing socio-economic consequences. Using secondary data sources such as the Census of India (2001, 2011), NSSO reports, PLFS 2019–20, and the Economic Survey of Bihar 2021–22, the study analyses district-wise trends, push-pull factors, and COVID-19 reverse migration. Findings indicate that while migration supports household income through remittances, it simultaneously drains Bihar of its productive workforce. The discussion emphasizes geographical disparities, remittance dependence, and the pandemic’s lessons for sustainable employment. Recommendations include rural industrialization, skill development, and policy support to reduce distress migration.