Modelling and Analysis of Stud Based Biodegradable Scaffolds for Human Bone

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has revolutionized scaffold fabrication in tissue engineering, offering precise control over architecture, porosity, and material composition. This review explores recent advancements in scaffold design strategies and 3D printing techniques, emphasizing their applications in bone tissue engineering. We discuss various design approaches, including biomimetic and functionally graded structures, and examine fabrication methods such as extrusion-based printing, stereolithography, and selective laser sintering. The integration of these designs with suitable biomaterials has led to scaffolds that closely mimic native tissue properties, promoting cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Despite significant progress, challenges remain in achieving optimal mechanical strength, vascularization, and clinical translation. Future directions point toward the development of smart scaffolds and the incorporation of bioprinting technologies to enhance tissue regeneration outcomes.