NPAs in Indian Banking: A Sector-wise Evaluation of Public, Private, and Cooperative Banks

This study examines Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) in India’s banking sector, comparing trends across public, private, and cooperative banks. It highlights the structural and operational differences influencing asset quality, evaluates sector-wise NPA ratios, and discusses regulatory responses like the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) and SARFAESI Act. While public banks have historically struggled with high NPAs, private banks show resilience through better governance. Cooperative banks, despite their inclusive role, remain vulnerable due to weak oversight. The paper emphasizes the need for improved credit discipline, risk assessment, and legal efficiency to ensure a sustainable and healthy banking ecosystem.