Orange Peel as a Sustainable Bioadsorbent for Wastewater Treatment: Advanced Review on Mechanisms, Performance, and Industrial Prospects

Orange peel represents a highly promising, low-cost, and environmentally sustainable bioadsorbent for wastewater treatment. Its lignocellulosic structure and functional group diversity enable efficient adsorption of dyes, heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, and emerging contaminants. Modified and activated forms significantly enhance adsorption capacity and stability.   While laboratory-scale results are highly encouraging, further pilot-scale validation, long-term stability testing, and techno-economic assessment are necessary for industrial deployment. With continued innovation and process optimization, orange peel-based adsorbents have strong potential to contribute meaningfully to sustainable water treatment technologies and circular economy initiatives.

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