PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF CELOSIA ARGENTEA AND AMARANTHUS VIRIDIS AS SOURCES OF ANALGESIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS

The above phytochemical and pharmacological evidence support the idea that Celosia argentea and Amaranthus viridis are potentially suitable high-efficacy candidates for developing innovative phytopharmaceuticals (Ortiz et al., 2022, p. 109). However, to realize this potential, it is necessary to systematically optimize the library for hit-to-lead optimization to characterize the specific bioactive scaffolds responsible for their inhibitory effects (Sasi, 2025, p. 1668). Furthermore, future studies should determine the COX-2/COX-1 selectivity ratios to determine whether the drug could be used to reduce gastrointestinal and cardiovascular side effects while maintaining the same efficacy as the non-selective COX commercial drug (Freymann et al., 2024, p. 25). Last but not least, a pressing need is to establish the reliability and safety of these botanical agents as long-term chronic pain management drugs by bridging the gap between preclinical and clinical data in humans (Attiq et al., 2017, p. 768; Choudhary et al., 2015, p. 170). This could ultimately reduce the systemic effects (renal and gastrointestinal toxicity) often seen with long-term treatment of synthetic anti-inflammatory agents (Patil et al., 2019, p. 4368).

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