Production of Bioethanol from Agricultural Waste via Membrane Technology: A Comprehensive Review

In the context of rapid industrialization and increasing demand for sustainable energy sources, bioethanol presents a promising alternative to traditional fossil fuels. This comprehensive research investigates the production of bioethanol from agricultural waste, specifically utilizing sugarcane bagasse, rice straw, and wheat straw as feedstock, with the integration of advanced membrane technology for purification processes. The fermentation of 1 kg of bagasse yielded approximately 800 850 ml of ethanol, demonstrating exceptional efficiency in converting lignocellulosic biomass into bioethanol. The implementation of membrane technology, including pervaporation PV, ultrafiltration UF, and microfiltration MF) systems, resulted in ethanol purity levels of 98 99%, highlighting the potential for achieving high-quality ethanol with significantly reduced energy inputs. This study provides comprehensive analysis of pretreatment processes, enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation optimization, and membrane-based separation technologies. The findings support the viability of large-scale implementation, contributing to energy security, environmental sustainability, and rural economic development through agricultural waste valorization.