Loading article...
Loading article...
Stream/Area:
-
Subject:
-
Paper ID:
IJSREM16734
Volume:
6 |
11 |
Nov 2022
Pages:
1-5
Publication Frequency:
Monthly (12 issues per year)
License:International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management follows the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) License, allowing free use and distribution with proper attribution.
Network Engineering
Gujarat Technological University
The rapid penetration of distributed generation (DG), particularly rooftop and ground-mounted solar photovoltaic, small hydro, biomass and wind units connected at medium volt-age, is transforming passive radial distribution feeders into active networks with bidirectional power flow. Conventional protection schemes, designed on the assumption of unidirectional fault cur-rent from a single upstream source, are consequently exposed to a set of well-documented failure modes: protection blinding, sympa-thetic (false) tripping, recloser–fuse miscoordination, rise in short-circuit level, unintentional islanding and out-of-phase reclosing. This paper presents a structured review of these issues, formulates them analytically using Thévenin equivalent and inverse-time re-lay models, and quantifies their severity on an 11 kV, 16 km ru-ral radial test feeder with synchronous-machine-based DG (SDG) and inverter-based DG (IBDG) of 0–6 MVA. Results show that a 5 MVA SDG reduces the fault current seen by the substation relay by 21.7%, increases its backup operating time by 36.7%, shrinks its fault-resistance coverage from 15 Ω to 9 Ω, produces a reverse current of 380 A on an adjacent-feeder fault (above the 300 A pickup), and raises the fuse-to-recloser current ratio to 1.72, de- feating fuse-saving. Adaptive setting groups with directional su-pervision and fault current limiters are evaluated as mitigation; the former restores the 0.3 s coordination time interval and extends fault-resistance coverage to 17 Ω. Implications for interconnection practice under IEEE 1547-2018 and Indian CEA connectivity reg- ulations are discussed.
KEYWORDS
This paper reviewed and quantified the protection issues caused by DG integration in radial distribution systems. On a repre-sentative 11 kV, 16 km feeder, 5 MVA of synchronous DG re-duced substation relay current by 21.7%, increased backup time by 36.7%, reduced fault-resistance coverage from 15 Ω to 9 Ω, created a reverse current above relay pickup for adjacent-feeder faults, and raised the fuse-to-recloser current ratio to 1.72, de-feating fuse-saving. Inverter-based DG produced smaller mag-nitude effects but introduced detection and discrimination dif-ficulties. Adaptive setting groups with directional supervi-sion gave the most complete restoration of protection perfor-mance, while FCLs offered a relay-independent partial rem-edy. Future work will extend the analysis to unbalanced faults with grid-code-compliant IBDG control, time-domain valida-tion, and communication-based adaptive schemes for feeders with high DG penetration.
[1] N. Jenkins, R. Allan, P. Crossley, D. Kirschen, and G. Strbac, Embedded Generation. London, U.K.: IET, 2000. [2] IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Indus-trial and Commercial Power Systems (IEEE Buff Book), IEEE Std 242-2001, 2001. [3] P. P. Barker and R. W. de Mello, “Determining the impact of distributed generation on power systems. I. Radial distribution systems,” in Proc. IEEE PES Summer Meeting, Seattle, WA, USA, 2000, vol. 3, pp. 1645–1656. [4] A. Girgis and S. Brahma, “Effect of distributed generation on protec-tive device coordination in distribution system,” in Proc. Large Engineer-ing Systems Conf. Power Engineering (LESCOPE), Halifax, NS, Canada, 2001, pp. 115–119. [5] S. M. Brahma and A. A. Girgis, “Development of adaptive protection scheme for distribution systems with high penetration of distributed gen-eration,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 56–63, Jan. 2004. [6] P. Mahat, Z. Chen, B. Bak-Jensen, and C. L. Bak, “A simple adaptive over- current protection of distribution systems with distributed generation,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 428–437, Sep. 2011. [7] A. Oudalov and A. Fidigatti, “Adaptive network protection in microgrids,” Int. J. Distrib. Energy Resour., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 201–226, 2009. [8] W. El-Khattam and T. S. Sidhu, “Restoration of directional overcurrent relay coordination in distributed generation systems utilizing fault current limiter,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 576–585, Apr. 2008. [9] J. Keller and B. Kroposki, “Understanding fault characteristics of inverter-based distributed energy resources,” National Renewable Energy Labora-tory, Golden, CO, USA, Tech. Rep. NREL/TP-550-46698, Jan. 2010. [10] A. Hooshyar and R. Iravani, “Microgrid protection,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 105, no. 7, pp. 1332–1353, Jul. 2017.
Publication Date
11/28/2022
Peer Review Type
Double-Blind Peer Review
Review Rounds: 2
Documents
Article Views
0
Total views since publication
PDF Downloads
1
Total downloads since publication
Geographic Reach
5
Digital Preservation: This article is permanently archived on Zenodo and complies with all data preservation standards across major indexing platforms.
Plagiarism Screening
This manuscript has been checked for plagiarism using TurnitinPlagiarismChecker software.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest related to this research work.
Funding Information
No funding information available for this research.
Related research in the same subject area
Loading similar articles...