Regional Disparities in Economic Growth and Employment in India: An Analysis of Progress Toward Sustainable Development Goal 8 (2018–2023)

This study examines regional differences in employment and economic growth in India, with a particular emphasis on the country’s advancement toward Sustainable Development Goal 8 (SDG 8) from 2018 to 2023. It employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative information from policy reviews and sociocultural assessments with quantitative analysis of GDP contributions, employment measures, and sectoral performance. The results show notable disparities, with industrialized states like Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, and Maharashtra outperforming economically because of their robust service sectors and industrial bases, while states like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Odisha continue to be limited by low levels of investment and limited industrialization. Disparities in the labor market are noticeable; formal employment is concentrated in southern and western states, while large levels of informal employment are found in northern regions, where more than 85% of workers do not get social security. There are also significant differences in the rates of gender engagement in the workforce; for example, Tamil Nadu and Kerala have greater rates of female labor force participation than Haryana and Rajasthan. Furthermore, although they continue to be regionally concentrated, growing industries like tourism and renewable energy help create jobs in a sustainable way. Disparities are exacerbated by the uneven implementation of national policies like the Skill India Mission. In order to help India reach SDG 8 fairly by 2030, this study highlights the critical need for region-specific initiatives to reduce structural inequities, encourage inclusive growth, and enhance employment opportunities. JEL Codes: J21, O18, R11