Solar Powered Multipurpose Agriculture Robot By Using ESP32

This paper presented the design, development, and experimental validation of a Solar Powered Multipurpose Agriculture Robot built around the ESP32 microcontroller. The prototype successfully automated four core farming operations — ploughing, seed drilling, seed sowing, and irrigation — within a single solar- powered platform. The dual-mode operation (Automatic and Manual) provides farmers with the flexibility of both fully autonomous and remotely guided operation. Real-time field data (soil moisture, temperature, humidity) is continuously uploaded to the ThingSpeak IoT cloud, enabling data-driven farm management. Quantitative results demonstrated a 23% reduction in water consumption, an 85–90% seed placement efficiency, 4–6 cm ploughing depth, and a 3– 4× improvement in labor productivity relative to manual methods. The 90% obstacle avoidance rate confirms feasibility for real-field deployment, subject to further refinement on rough terrain. The modular hardware and software architecture is inherently scalable: battery and solar panel upgrades can extend per-charge field coverage to 1–2 acres, while fleet-management integration via a shared ThingSpeak dashboard can enable coordinated multi-robot operation on larger farms. Future enhancements include GPS-RTK autonomous navigation, camera-based AI crop disease detection, variable-rate fertilizer dispensing, and edge AI (TensorFlow Lite on ESP32-S3) for real-time pest identification. This work demonstrates that affordable, smart agricultural automation is a practical and deployable solution today, with significant potential to transform smallholder farming in India and similar developing economies.

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