Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Weather Variability and Climate Trends in India (2021–2025): Insights from Meteorological Observations

This study examined the weather and climate conditions of India during the period 2021–2025 using key meteorological parameters, including air temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind speed, wind direction, precipitation, dew point, cloud cover, solar radiation, and visibility. The analysis revealed a consistent warming trend, with annual temperatures remaining above the long-term average and 2024 emerging as the warmest year of the study period. Increasing relative humidity and dew point temperatures indicated a rise in atmospheric moisture content, while cloud cover showed a slight upward trend accompanied by a marginal decline in solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. Rainfall patterns exhibited considerable variability, characterized by an increase in the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation events. Although overall precipitation generally increased, rainfall became more concentrated over shorter periods, contributing to flooding and other weather-related hazards. Atmospheric pressure remained relatively stable, whereas wind speed and direction continued to be influenced by seasonal monsoon circulation and regional weather systems. Visibility declined in several regions due to the combined effects of higher humidity, aerosols, and air pollution. The findings highlight the growing influence of climate variability and climate change on India's atmospheric conditions and weather systems. The increasing occurrence of extreme weather events, including heatwaves, intense rainfall, floods, and severe storms, underscores the need for effective climate adaptation and mitigation strategies. Strengthening meteorological monitoring systems, improving disaster preparedness, promoting sustainable resource management, and implementing evidence-based environmental policies will be essential to reduce climate-related risks and enhance resilience. Future studies should incorporate longer time series, higher spatial-resolution datasets, and climate model projections to better understand regional climate dynamics and support informed decision-making for sustainable development in India.

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