Sustainable Electric Vehicle Technologies: A Review and Experimental Insights into Batteries, Motors, and Charging Systems

The rapid transition toward electric vehicles (EVs) is driven by the global need to reduce carbon emissions, improve energy efficiency, and achieve sustainable transportation systems. it is essential to not only review recent technological developments but also analyse their practical performance and limitations. This paper presents a comprehensive review and experimental-oriented discussion of sustainable electric vehicle technologies, focusing on recent advances in battery technology, electric motor design, and charging infrastructure. Lithium-ion battery improvements, solid-state batteries, and recycling approaches are reviewed alongside experimental electrochemical and thermal performance trends reported in recent literature. Electric motor technologies such as permanent magnet synchronous motors, induction motors, and emerging axial flux motors are examined with respect to efficiency, torque density, and material sustainability. Charging infrastructure developments, including fast charging, wireless charging, and smart grid integration, are analysed from both system-level and experimental perspectives. The paper also discusses current challenges, experimental gaps, and future research directions. The findings highlight that sustainable EV development requires an integrated approach combining advanced materials, efficient electromechanical design, and intelligent energy management systems.