Synthesis and Characterization of TiO2: A Comprehensive Review

This review intends to give an overview of synthesis and characterization of copper oxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) for Optical and photocatalytic applications. With remarkable structural, electrical, and magnetic properties, making it a promising material for applications in catalysis, sensors, solar cells, batteries toxic-waste treatment agent and energy storage. This study comprehensively reviews various synthesis techniques, including solid-state reaction, sol-gel, hydrothermal, and combustion methods, emphasizing their influence on phase purity, morphology, and crystallinity. The characterization techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and UV-Vis spectroscopy, are discussed to analyze the structural and optical properties. Moreover, the study explores the optical properties of TIO2 through UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. UV–vis spectroscopy the optical absorption characteristics, while PL results reveal the presence of distinct blue-green and yellow emissions. The discussion delves into the relationship between PL emission and lattice defects, providing valuable insights into the nanomaterial’s electronic structure. This multidimensional analysis contributes to a comprehensive understanding of TIO2. Additionally, the effects of doping, annealing temperature, and synthesis parameters on TIO2 properties are explored. The study concludes with a discussion on current challenges and future prospects for optimizing TIO2 in advanced technological applications.