Temperature-Controlled Concrete for Mass Structures: A Review of Cooling Techniques, Materials (Coolcrete), and Thermal-Crack Mitigation

Mass concrete generates significant heat during cement hydration, resulting in high thermal gradients and a risk of early-age cracking. This review examines key temperature-control strategies, including thermal modelling, pre-cooling, embedded cooling pipes, SCM-based mixes, and advanced materials such as PCMs, radiative additives, conductive fillers, and cooling-concrete technologies. Findings indicate that thermal modelling tools and cooling pipes remain the most dependable methods, while innovative materials and digital monitoring systems provide valuable supplementary benefits. Major gaps persist in long-term field validation, standard test protocols, and integration with durability and sustainability metrics. The review highlights the need for hybrid approaches that combine optimized mix design, intelligent monitoring, and efficient cooling systems to support safer, more durable, and sustainable mass concrete construction.