The Role of Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Preventing Surgical Site Infections – A Systematic Review

Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a significant concern in healthcare, arising at or near surgical incision sites. They can develop within 30 days post-surgery or within 90 days if a prosthetic material is implanted. Clinical manifestations of SSIs include local signs of inflammation (redness, warmth, swelling, and pus) and systemic signs (fever and leucocytosis). Risk factors such as age, chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes), smoking, and obesity contribute to the increased likelihood of SSIs. SSIs are classified into three categories: superficial, deep, and organ/space infections, each with varying severity and treatment requirements. Superficial SSIs are confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, while deep SSIs involve muscles and fascia. Organ/space SSIs affect internal organs and require more complex treatments. Effective antibiotic selection plays a crucial role in preventing and treating SSIs, with cefazolin being a first-line option due to its broad spectrum. Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP) aims to reduce microbial load and prevent infections through preemptive antibiotic administration, ideally minimizing resistance and adverse effects. Proper antibiotic use is vital to decrease the risk of SSIs and promote better patient outcomes. However, improper use can lead to antibiotic resistance and increased healthcare costs.