Unveiling the Black Box: A Comprehensive Review of Explainable AI Techniques

Unveiling the Black Box: A Comprehensive Review of Explainable AI Techniques

Anushree G1[0009−0001−4004−2980], Suraj B Madagaonkar2,3[0009−0003−8809−4098],

and Ravili C H3[0009−0001−2954−7013]

1 Artificial Intelligence and Data Science Department, CMR Institute of Technology, Bangalore anushree.g@cmrit.ac.in

2 Manipal Institute of Technology Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal

suraj.madagaonkar@manipal.edu

3 CMR Institute of Technology, Bangalore

rach22csds@cmrit.ac.in

Abstract. As artificial intelligence (AI) continues to integrate into various sectors, the complexity and opacity of AI models, particularly in machine learning (ML), pose significant challenges to interpret-ability and trust. This review paper addresses the critical need for explainable AI (XAI) to enhance understanding and transparency in ML models. We provide a comprehensive survey of state-of-the-art XAI techniques, including feature importance methods such as LIME (Local Interpret- able Model-agnostic Explanations) and SHAP (Shapely Additive explanation), as well as perturbation and attention-based mechanisms, to elucidate model decisions. Our analysis spans a diverse range of applications, including finance, education, and healthcare, showcasing the prac- tical utility and impact of XAI methods. We discuss crucial issues such as the trade-offs between model accuracy and interpret ability, the de- sign of user-friendly explanations, and the development of comprehensive evaluation metrics. Furthermore, we explore the implications of XAI on user trust and decision-making, emphasizing the importance of reliable and ethical AI systems. This review contributes to the ongoing efforts to make AI systems more interpret-able, reliable, and aligned with societal needs, providing a robust foundation for future research and practical implementations of XAI.

Keywords: Explainable AI · Machine Learning · Interpret-ability · Trans- parency · Ethical AI · XAI Techniques.