WASTE COOKING OIL AS A SUSTAINABLE FEEDSTOCK FOR BIOLUBRICANT PRODUCTION: TECHNOLOGIES, OPTIMIZATION STRATEGIES, AND PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES

This in-depth study examines the transformation of wasted cooking oils, typically destined for landfills or improper environmental disposal, into improved bio-lubricants through meticulous chemical modifications. Transesterification, epoxidation, and oligomerization are some of the strategic chemical processing routes that can turn these waste materials into lubricants that are more biodegradable, less harmful to the environment, and better at reducing friction than traditional petroleum-based options. Recent technological breakthroughs have significantly enhanced strategies for process optimization. Microwave-assisted and ultrasonic irradiation approaches have greatly shortened processing times from hours to minutes while also improving product quality metrics. This review examines significant research deficiencies and emerging prospects, emphasizing the necessity for enhanced feedstock logistics, improved catalytic system development, and optimized strategic production scale-up to fully exploit the promise of bio-lubricants derived from waste cooking oil.