COMPARISON OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE WITH VARIOUS LANGUAGES AND VICE-VERSA FOR CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

The present study compared Standard English with selected languages written in the Latin and Cyrillic scripts by examining their scripts, alphabets, phonetic sounds, vowels, consonants, diacritics, and ligatures. The findings show that many languages share a common writing system, although they differ significantly in their pronunciation patterns, orthographic rules, and sound structures. These differences contribute to the unique linguistic identity of each language. The comparison of Standard English language with French, German, Scots, Frisian, Dutch, Norwegian, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese revealed that languages using the Latin script share several alphabetic features but differ in pronunciation, phonetic inventories, the distribution of vowels and consonants, and the use of diacritical marks and ligatures. Similarly, the analysis of Russian and Bulgarian demonstrated that languages written in the Cyrillic script possess distinctive alphabetic and phonological characteristics. These findings indicate that the use of different scripts show similarities between languages and can be compared. The study highlights the importance of linguistic features such as scripts, alphabets, phonetic sounds, vowels, consonants, diacritics, and ligatures in language identification and comparison. These features provide valuable insights into language structure, development, and diversity. This work can cover vast area for investigation including Europe, Asia, America, Russia, France, etc. countries where any questioned document can be found in various different languages. From a forensic perspective, linguistic analysis can play an important role in the examination of questioned documents, anonymous letters, ransom notes, threatening communications, and other documentary evidence. The identification of language-specific characteristics may assist investigators in determining the possible origin, authorship, and linguistic background of a document. This comparison can help criminal justice system to understand that the document is written by the same suspected person or not or is from same native place or from any foreign country. Furthermore, the research emphasizes the growing significance of Forensic Linguistics as an interdisciplinary field that combines linguistic knowledge with forensic science. The comparative framework developed in this study may assist forensic document examiners, investigators, law enforcement agencies, and judicial authorities in analyzing language evidence and supporting criminal investigations. In conclusion, the study confirms that the comparison of languages based on script, alphabetic structure, phonetic features, vowels, consonants, diacritics, and ligatures is an effective method for distinguishing and identifying languages. The findings contribute to a better understanding of language diversity within Latin and Cyrillic writing systems and highlight the practical value of linguistic evidence in forensic examinations. Therefore, this research contributes to the fields of linguistics, forensic science, and the criminal justice system by providing a useful reference for language identification, document analysis, and crime investigation.

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